Axial Skeleton
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A. Divisions of the Human Skeleton
Learning Objective Differentiate between the axial and appendicular skeletons and identify their major components using diagrams, skeletal models, and digital tools. Skeletal Divisions The human skeleton protects important body regions and anchor muscles, making coordinated movements possible. The usual 206 bones are grouped into the following two major divisions: 2. The appendicular skeleton is comprised…
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D. The Skull
Learning Objectives By the end of this section, students should be able to: Cranial and Facial Bones The skull consists of twenty-two bones that are divided into two divisions. These bones have complex shapes, and they fit together like the pieces of a very intricate jigsaw puzzle. You’ll begin by examining the skull as a…
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F. The Thoracic Cage
Learning Objectives Introduction The thoracic cage is a protective and supportive structure that forms the chest wall. It includes the sternum, thoracic vertebrae, ribs, and costal cartilages (made of hyaline cartilage). Together, these elements: You’ll learn this anatomy through: ✅ Test Your Knowledge
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E. The Vertebral Column
Learning Objectives Introduction to the Vertebral Column The vertebral column—also known as the spinal column or spine—is a flexible, supportive structure that:🤸 Enables movement🧍 Supports body weight🧠 Protects the spinal cord How Many Vertebrae? The adult vertebral column is typically made up of 33 vertebrae (occasionally 34). These are grouped into five distinct regions: Region…
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B. Bone Shapes
Learning Objective Differentiate between the five bone shape categories and explain how their structures relate to their functions using diagrams, skeletal models, and digital tools. The 206 bones that compose the adult skeleton are divided into six categories based on their shapes (Figure 2). Their shapes and their functions are related such that each categorical…